The past decade has seen a remarkable increase in studies at the intersection of genetic and neurosciences, including psychophysiology. Substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the role that genetic factors play in shaping individual differences in pychophysiological responses across different measurement domains and modalities. Twin studies have documented high heritability of diverse aspects of brain functioning assessed using resting–state EEG recordings, and substantial genetic influences on event-related neuronal activity registered in a variety of tasks emphasizing distinct aspects of cognitive and emotional processing. However, some of the studied psychophysiological phenotypes showed low heritability, primarily due to their poor test-retest reliability. Overall, characteristics related to cognitive functioning showed higher heritability than psychophysiological indices of emotional processing. Emerging candidate gene association studies are beginning to suggest specific genetic variants responsible for individual differences in brain function and various psychophysiological responses. However, this line of research should be pursued with great caution due to its demonstrated proneness to generate false-positive findings and overestimate the real effect size. Recent developments in methods for physiological signal analysis, multimodal brain imaging, and genomic
