Behavioral testing in mice is limited, however new models have been developed to better characterize several stages of the addiction cycle, or protracted abstinence and relapse (for example (Goeldner et al., 2011) ; for review see (O'Brien and Gardner, 2005; Spanagel, 2003) Animal research is expanding in this direction for brain disorders in general (Ahmed, 2010; Berton et al., 2012; Nestler and Hyman, 2010). Also, automated multidimensional systems now enable recording behavior of mice living in social groups to characterize novelty-seeking trait, anxiety, impulsivity, compulsivity and motivation, and such systems can be successfully applied to study behavioral adaptations to drugs of abuse (Radwanska and Kaczmarek, 2011). Also, drosophila or zebra fish are model organisms that allow rapid genetic screens and are being developed in the context of drug abuse (Kaun et al., 2012; Klee et al., 2012; Stewart et al., 2011).
