Preparation of adenoviruses, Ad-shα4-1 and Ad-NSS, was initiated by transfection of recombinant adenoviral constructs into HEK293 cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Recombinant viruses were amplified in HEK293 cells, followed by purification using Adeno-X Virus Purification Kit (Clontech).