Chunk #8 — METHODS — Measures — Additional Measures and Covariates — Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND)

Source

Anxiety sensitivity and negative urgency: a pathway to negative reinforcement-related smoking expectancies.

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The FTND (Heatherton et al., 1991) is a well-validated 6-item self-report measure of nicotine dependence severity that taps heavy and compulsive smoking behavior. Scores range from 0 to 10, and higher scores indicate higher levels of nicotine dependence.