Psychiatric outcomes at ages 19 and 21 years are shown in Table 3. ASPD symptoms showed stronger associations with a history of childhood and adolescent CD than with prior ODD. Both the CD and CD+ODD groups had significantly higher levels of ASPD symptoms than youth with no history of CD/ODD, and did not differ from each other. Youth on the ODD only pathway, by contrast, were not at significantly increased risk. Early adult substance disorder appeared more common in the CD and CD+ODD groups relative to the ODD only and no CD/ODD groups, although the only significant difference was between the CD+ODD and the no CD/ODD groups.
