parent household (23%, n=1693), [5] more than 4 house moves in the previous 5 years (8%, n=591) and [6] the child has spent time in a foster home (2%, n=184). We also employed separate binary indicators of parenting difficulties; inadequate parental supervision (5%, n=512), harsh parental discipline (.6%, n=67), over-intrusive parenting (.6%, n=62), parental scape-goating of the child (.9%, n=93), and neglect (1%, n=162). Binary items also measured biological parent history of mental health treatment (26%, n=1763) and (separately) criminality (20%, n=1805), as indexed by conviction for crime.
