The CAPA also assesses a range of family and environmental correlates of disorder. We summed a number of conceptually related binary items into risk factor sub-scales. A social disadvantage scale contained six items: [1] income below federal poverty line (prevalence 20%, unweighted number of positive observations across all adolescent waves (n) =1848), [2] interviewer observed impoverished home environment (.9%, n=112), [3] one or both parents unemployed (9%, n=826), [4] one or both parents left school without graduating (18%, n=1613), [5] neighborhood (.9%, n=98) and [6] school (1%, n=101) perceived to be dangerous by parent or child. An atypical family structure scale was created from six items: [1] at least one parent a teenager at birth (18%, n=1695), [2] study child has 4 or more siblings living at home (4%, n=378), [3] one parent a step parent (13%, n=999), [4] single parent household (23%, n=1693), [5] more than 4 house moves in the previous 5 years (8%, n=591) and [6] the child has spent time in a foster home (2%, n=184). We also employed separate binary indicators of parenting difficulties; inadequate
