been scarce (Cougle et al., 2011; Kevorkian et al., 2015; Sartor et al., 2015). Studies which have focused on cannabis outcomes have revealed that exposure to a traumatic event alone and PTSD have both been associated with cannabis outcomes. Cougle et al. (2011) found a significant association between lifetime PTSD and cannabis use when adjusting for co-occurring psychopathology and trauma frequency. Trauma was also associated with cannabis use but specific type of trauma was not considered. Additionally, a recent investigation revealed a graduated relationship between trauma exposure and cannabis phenotypes: overall lifetime trauma exposure was significantly associated with cannabis use but not CUD, while PTSD was associated with CUD but not cannabis use (Kevorkian et al., 2015). However, the extant epidemiologic literature linking cannabis and trauma-related factors has relied on cross-sectional analyses (Cougle et al., 2011; Kevorkian et al., 2015)—limiting the ability to differentiate antecedent from consequent events. Some literature suggests that substance use can increase the likelihood of later trauma exposure and that the relationship is bi-directional (Thompson et al., 2008), emphasizing the need to examine the relationship while considering temporality to better establish causation. Additionally, although the literature supports a clear relationship between trauma pathology and cannabis use,
