In most cases, genes in the “Stress response” category were related to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, as found in models of predisposition [57] and following acute exposure [62], chronic exposure [52, 53, 63, 64], protracted abstinence [35], chronic free-choice drinking [25, 29], and chronic abuse in humans [58, 60, 65]. In few cases, they were related to immune response, following chronic exposure in mice [53], or chronic abuse in humans [59, 61].
