The measurement model and SEM results were evaluated using the appropriate goodness of fit characteristics that included: the comparative fit index (CFI) where good fit is indicated by a value > .90; the non-normal fit index (NNFI) with a good fit defined as one that approaches 1.0; the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) with good fit seen with scores < .05; and the root mean squared residual (RMSR) with good fit < .08 (Bentler, 1990; Hu and Bentler, 1998; Wheaton et al., 1977). χ2 and the χ2/df ratio were not appropriate for these analyses because they are overly sensitive to large samples and likely to give misleading statistical results.
