Invariance analyses across genders were carried out using the approach of Spillane et al. (2004) and Hoyle and Smith (1994). These involved steps of: 1) running the full model without constraints; 2) applying equality constraints to make factor loadings the same for males and females; 3) adding the requirement of using the same variances across the genders; 4) requiring the same correlations across groups; and 5) requiring the same values for structural paths across males and females. Chi squares were used to determine if each additional constraint significantly reduced model fit (Bentler, 1990).
