mother. The number of hours per week that the father spent with the child in the prior year was rated on a 5-point scale (1=“occasionally or none” to 5=“30 or more”). From ages 6–9, father caregiving was considered low if their caregiving was reported to be occasional or absent (i.e., less than 1 hour per week). Fathers’ caregiving was considered low within the time frame if they met the criterion for low caregiving within any year of the given time frame.
