In the mother interview when the child was 5 years old, mothers were asked who the main caregivers of the child were, and how much time per week the child spent with each in two different time frames: ages 1–4 and 4–5. Responses were then coded as to how much time per week was spent with the father in each of the time frames on a 5-point scale (1=“not in this type of care” to 5=“major; more than 20 hours per week for more than 18 months”). Low father caregiving was scored as a “1” if the child was considered not in the care of the father. If the father exhibited brief, moderate, frequent, or major care with the child, the father’s caregiving was not considered low (scored as a “0”). From ages 6–9, father caregiving was reported by the mother. The number of hours per week that the father spent with the child in the prior year was rated on a 5-point scale (1=“occasionally or none” to 5=“30 or more”). From ages 6–9, father caregiving was considered low if
