Children with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure were recruited retrospectively and had confirmed histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure defined as maternal consumption of more than four alcoholic drinks per occasion at least once per week or at least 14 drinks per week on average repeatedly during pregnancy. Several standard methods were used to confirm prenatal alcohol exposure, including medical history, birth records, social services records, and, when available, maternal report (Mattson, et al., 2010). In order to determine alcohol-related diagnoses, a member of the CIFASD Dysmorphology Core evaluated each study subject using a standardized assessment following the CIFASD Dysmorphology Core diagnostic criteria, which have been published elsewhere (Jones et al., 2006).
