Participants were 20 FHP (50% female) and 20 FHN (50% female) 12–14 year-old substance-naïve youth from an ongoing longitudinal neuroimaging study (Bava et al., 2011; Pulido et al., 2009; Spadoni et al., 2008; Squeglia et al., 2009), recruited through flyers mailed to parents of local middle schoolers (Anderson et al., 2005; Schweinsburg et al., 2004). Following consent and assent from all parents and adolescents, separate structured interviews were completed with the youth, one biological parent, and one other parent or close relative, with the Family History Assessment Module (FHAM; Rice et al., 1995), Customary Drinking and Drug Use Record (CDDR; Brown et al., 1998); and Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Version IV (C-DISC-4.0; Shaffer et al., 1996, 2000).
