Surprisingly, the intercepts of both use versus nonuse and volume of use in high school (ages 14–15 years) were predicted by the boy’s antisocial behavior/deviant peer associations in addition to peer alcohol use, controlling for middle school use. Taken together with the middle school findings, this would suggest that proximal influences, including the parents own use, have a substantial effect on early use but that antisocial behavior/deviant peer associations become a more critical factor for use later in adolescence. Findings for prediction to growth in volume of use in high school indicated that peer alcohol use was a significant predictor, as were increases in levels of antisocial behavior/deviant peer association. In addition, increases in levels of parental monitoring over time (or possibly maintenance of levels versus decreases) were associated with less growth across the high school years. It has been posited that parental monitoring is mainly driven by adolescent disclosure (Stattin and Kerr, 2000), which certainly is part of the overall monitoring process. In addition to disclosure items (see Table 1), the measures in the current study included items that
