Other COGA analyses have mapped specific risk factors that impact transitions in alcohol involvement from use, to problems, to disorder. Cannabis use, substance‐using peers, externalizing behaviors, and parental history of AUD all increase the likelihood of each stage of alcohol involvement. 67 Nonassaultive trauma is related to early initiation of use, and internalizing disorders such as depression are associated with later stages. 67 We have showed that, consistent with Koob's model of the progression of the addiction cycle, 68 positive reinforcement motives for drinking (e.g., social enhancement) are related to alcohol consumption earlier in the drinking career, whereas negative reinforcement (e.g., drinking to reduce anxiety) predominates once an individual develops AUD. 69 We also showed that alcohol problems cluster and show reciprocal relationships with other disorders and behaviors related to externalizing and internalizing across the lifespan, including suicide attempts and ideation, 70 , 71 , 72 consistent with other studies in the field. 73 , 74 , 75
