techniques are needed to assess the relative ethanol sensitivity of neurons within prefrontal cortical microciruits and across the various subdivisions of this area (e.g., anterior cingulate, prelimbic, infralimbic, and orbitofrontal). There is also little known at the network level about how alcohol disrupts normal patterns of activity that are thought to be critical for processes such as working memory and decision making and whether the chronically alcohol-exposed brain can recover from deficits observed in these behaviors. The continuing development of awake animal array recording techniques coupled with sophisticated multidimensional analytical approaches promises to provide information that can address this key question. In terms of human PFC function and involvement in alcohol-related behaviors, results from imaging studies have provided a great deal of information regarding the effects of chronic alcohol exposure on brain structure and processing. However, these approaches are limited by the rather coarse level of anatomical, cellular, and temporal resolution of functional imaging. Advances in small animal imaging techniques offer at least a chance to address some of these limitations and multi-investigator teams with expertise in both animal and human imaging need to be established to help bridge the gap between clinical and preclinical studies. Finally, it is clear
