The primary caregivers’ current frequency of substance use was assessed using the short version of the Adult Substance Use questionnaire (Skinner & Allen, 1982). The primary caregiver was asked to estimate how often they drank any alcoholic beverage, smoked marijuana or hashish, or used hard drugs (including cocaine, methamphetamine, and pain killers) during the past 12 months, on a scale from 0 to 10 (0 = never, 4 = 2 or 3 times a month, 7 = nearly every day, 10 = 3 or more times a day). The mean of use was calculated across these items.
