We searched key words such as genetics, genes, alcoholism, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, mutations or gene variants and gene expression related to molecular disturbances in humans and alcoholism using computer-based internet sources including peer-reviewed medical literature (e.g., PubMed), federally sponsored (e.g., National Center for Biotechnology Information) and other informative websites (e.g., Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man; Ethanol-Related Gene Resource) (Guo et al., 2009) to compile a list of genetic biomarkers. The research articles ascertained were examined for evidence of gene or genetic biomarker involvement in alcoholism causation or pathology. These searches included whole-genome microarray and sequencing data and results from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of alcoholism and families with and without a history of alcoholism as well as functional gene expression profiles using human brain. This list included a total of 337 genes identified with at least one mechanism related to alcoholism, or that could contribute to behavioral or neurological disturbances seen in alcoholism although not necessarily implicated in disease risk or causality (Table 1). The genetic biomarkers recognized, to date, as playing a role in alcoholism susceptibility or
