related to alcoholism, or that could contribute to behavioral or neurological disturbances seen in alcoholism although not necessarily implicated in disease risk or causality (Table 1). The genetic biomarkers recognized, to date, as playing a role in alcoholism susceptibility or causation generally appear to impact alcohol metabolism and major neuro-transmitter pathways related to brain reward such as dopamine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate and opiate receptors and their metabolic pathways. Additional influences are noted for neurodevelopmental, molecular transport and cellular signaling pathways associated with alcohol exposure and pathophysiology and functionally disturbed in brain expression studies with possible impact on disease course. We include gene symbols representing each biomarker, their expanded name and chromosome band location in Table 1 for the 337 separate genes with a possible role in alcoholism. The position for each gene is plotted on high resolution chromosome ideograms (850 band level) as shown in Figure 1.
