We used Optum’s de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database (2007–2021). Optum’s Clinformatics® Data Mart is derived from a database of administrative health claims for members of large commercial and Medicare Advantage health plans. The data included demographics variables (e.g., sex, birth year, and race), enrollment records, diagnoses, and pharmacy claims. The Indiana University Institutional Review Board (IRB) designated this study as exempt.
