Our results provide further evidence that TNAD show minimal behavioral effects of chronic heavy alcohol use. It is unlikely that our finding of no cognitive deficits in TNAD is due to a lack of sensitivity in our cognitive measures. Many of the measures we employed (e.g. Stroop interference, Trails B, Short Categories, PASAT, Rey Immediate and Delayed recall, Symbol-digit modalities, Block Design, and COWAT) have reliably demonstrated sensitivity (Lezak et al., 2004) to damage in those brain regions most frequently compromised by heavy alcohol consumption. Moreover, the Spatial domain measures we used were sensitive enough to show processing deficits in long-term abstinent alcoholics (Fein et al., 2006b), as well as better spatial processing by men vs. women in the current study. The difference between TNAD and treated alcoholics may be understood in terms of several factors. First, as reported earlier (Fein et al., 2005) TNAD are likely to have lower average and peak alcohol doses than treated alcoholics. Direct comparison of alcohol use histories in samples of treated and non-treated alcoholics (Fein et al., 2005) showed that treated alcoholics had
