(Fein et al., 2005) TNAD are likely to have lower average and peak alcohol doses than treated alcoholics. Direct comparison of alcohol use histories in samples of treated and non-treated alcoholics (Fein et al., 2005) showed that treated alcoholics had alcohol doses more than 50% higher than TNAD in the years immediately after meeting criteria for heavy alcohol use. In addition, genetic, psychiatric, and nutritional factors likely play a role in behavioral differences between treated and treatment-naïve alcoholic samples. Indeed, a study of 3,572 alcohol-dependent men and women (Raimo et al., 1999) reported a progression, from never treated to outpatient or AA only to inpatient treatment, in increased unemployment, marital instability, additional drug dependencies and psychiatric disorders, and more alcohol-related adverse events. While treated alcoholic samples have consistently shown higher family history density of alcohol problems than NAC, our TNAD sample did not differ from NAC in terms of proportion of 1st degree relative problem drinkers (See Table 1), and had a lower family history density of alcohol problems than a comparison group of middle-aged long-term abstinent alcoholics (Di Sclafani et al., 2008). A positive family history of addiction problems is associated with smaller regional brain volumes (Benegal et al.,
