503 related subjects from 178 nuclear families) was recruited from the community, churches, health fairs, medical clinics and dialysis facilities. The Diabetes Heart Studies cohort (cohort 5) consisted of subjects recruited from the community and internal medicine clinics in two studies that examined the sub-clinical cardiovascular risk in T2DM. A subset of 211 unrelated subjects from the African American Diabetes Heart Study34 and 81 subjects from the family-based Diabetes Heart Study35 were included in this study. All subjects from cohorts 1 to 5 were recruited in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee or Virginia. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis (IRAS) Studies cohort (cohort 6) consisted of subjects recruited from two multicenter community-based cohort studies, the IRAS Study36 and the IRAS Family Study,37 designed to examine the epidemiology and genetics of glucose homeostasis traits, respectively. Included are 575 related subjects from 42 families of the IRAS Family Study, recruited from Los Angeles, CA, USA, and 278 unrelated subjects from the IRAS study, recruited from Los Angeles and Oakland, CA, USA.
