The results reported in this paper combine subjects from two studies investigating genetic effects on AUD. Both studies were conducted in accordance with the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975 as revised in 1983 and approved by the Institutional Review Board of The University of New Mexico. One study collected treatment naive subjects and the other collected treatment seeking subjects. Right handed subjects between the ages of 21 and 55 who had a minimum of two binge drinking episodes per week were recruited and provided written informed consent. Binge drinking was defined as 5 or more drinks per episode for men, and 4 or more drinks for women, these binge episodes had to occur at least 5 times within the past month. Using the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID); 61% of participants were diagnosed with alcohol dependence, 80% with alcohol abuse at the interview time. 70% were diagnosed with alcohol dependence and 93% with alcohol abuse at lifetime. Because such a high percentage of participants were diagnosed with alcohol dependence or alcohol abuse at lifetime, we
