Although family influences play an important role on the development of cigarette use, most of the research done has focused the role of parents and siblings on experimentation with and the onset of cigarette use (55–57). As evidenced by previous studies, negative family environments characterized by low connectedness or cohesion (58) high levels of parent-child conflict, inadequate parental monitoring, and family violence contribute to tobacco use (59). Individuals with negative family environments may be less likely to comply with parental requests to abstain from smoking and their initial use may go undetected or unpunished (60). Alternatively, an authoritative, positive parental style (61), and parental anti-smoking socialization (i.e. messages about smoking, reactions to smoking, household smoking rules), parental expectations and opinions about the choice to smoke (62–64) may help prevent early adolescents from smoking. Added to this, there is consistent evidence demonstrating that parental smoking is a risk factor for adolescent smoking (59,65). However, one study found that the effect of parental disapproval both in smoking and nonsmoking parents was stronger and more robust than that of parental smoking and even
