Narrative review of genes, environment, and cigarettes.

paper Cited Public

Authors: Do, Elizabeth; Maes, Hermine
Year: 2016
Journal: Annals of medicine
PMID: 27124093
DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1177196
PMCID: PMC5176026

#	Section	Preview
0	INTRODUCTION	Tobacco use remains the leading cause of preventable death in the United States and results in…
1	INTRODUCTION	Since cigarette use involves both motivational and reward systems that develop through interactions…
2	INTRODUCTION	reducing excess health-care utilization and improved labor supply on a larger scale (4). However, to…
3	INTRODUCTION — Phenotypic Measures of Cigarette Use	It is important to understand how cigarette use has been measured before getting into details about…
4	INTRODUCTION — Phenotypic Measures of Cigarette Use	with multiple response categories, ranging from “I have never smoked, not even one puff” to “I…
5	INTRODUCTION — Quantitative Studies of Inferred Genetic Susceptibility for Cigarette Use	Classic twin methodologies have been useful in quantifying genetic and environmental factors…
6	INTRODUCTION — Quantitative Studies of Inferred Genetic Susceptibility for Cigarette Use	in the heritability of initiation by sex, suggesting that genetic and environmental factors may…
7	INTRODUCTION — Gene-Finding Efforts for Cigarette Use	While twin and family studies were able to establish that cigarette use phenotypes were heritable,…
8	INTRODUCTION — Gene-Finding Efforts for Cigarette Use	of neuromodulators or the rewarding efforts of nicotine on the mesolimbic system (24). Candidate…
9	INTRODUCTION — Gene-Finding Efforts for Cigarette Use — Nicotinic receptor genes	Although nAChRs in CHRNA7, CHRNA9, CHRNA5, CHRNB3, and CHRNA4 were found to be significantly…
10	INTRODUCTION — Gene-Finding Efforts for Cigarette Use — Dopaminergic genes	The dopaminergic system is also believed to play an important role in nicotine dependence, since…
11	INTRODUCTION — Gene-Finding Efforts for Cigarette Use — Dopaminergic genes	exon III of the DRD4 gene ranges from 2 to 11 repeats. Previous studies have indicated that the…
12	INTRODUCTION — Gene-Finding Efforts for Cigarette Use — Serotonin transporter gene	It has been demonstrated that 5-HTTLPR plays a role in nicotine dependence via mediating rewarding…
13	INTRODUCTION — Meta-Analyses, Missing Heritability, and Why Studying GxE is Important	Although independent genome wide association studies have identified variants associated with…
14	INTRODUCTION — Meta-Analyses, Missing Heritability, and Why Studying GxE is Important	rs1329650 on 10q25 (β = 0.367, SE = 0.059, p-value = 5.7 × 10−10), and rs3733829 in 9p13 of…
15	INTRODUCTION — Meta-Analyses, Missing Heritability, and Why Studying GxE is Important	only modestly to the variability in cigarette use phenotypes. Once we are able to identify more…
16	INTRODUCTION — Social and Environmental Risk Factors for Cigarette Use	Although it is clear from the literature that genes influence cigarette use, the motivation to begin…
17	INTRODUCTION — Social and Environmental Risk Factors for Cigarette Use — Sociodemographic Characteristics	Sociodemographic characteristics should be considered potential environmental covariates in genetic…
18	INTRODUCTION — Social and Environmental Risk Factors for Cigarette Use — Sociodemographic Characteristics	experiencing highly stressful events in childhood (50). These are all potential points of…
19	INTRODUCTION — Social and Environmental Risk Factors for Cigarette Use — Family Cigarette Use	Although family influences play an important role on the development of cigarette use, most of the…

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