Narrative review of genes, environment, and cigarettes.

paper Cited Public

Authors: Do, Elizabeth; Maes, Hermine
Year: 2016
Journal: Annals of medicine
PMID: 27124093
DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1177196
PMCID: PMC5176026

#	Section	Preview
20	INTRODUCTION — Social and Environmental Risk Factors for Cigarette Use — Family Cigarette Use	demonstrating that parental smoking is a risk factor for adolescent smoking (59,65). However, one…
21	INTRODUCTION — Social and Environmental Risk Factors for Cigarette Use — Family Cigarette Use	moderate shared environmental influences on smoking frequency and any subsequent changes on smoking…
22	INTRODUCTION — Social and Environmental Risk Factors for Cigarette Use — Peer Cigarette Use	Peer relationships, especially those during adolescence, contribute to an individual’s initiation,…
23	INTRODUCTION — Social and Environmental Risk Factors for Cigarette Use — Peer Cigarette Use	(e.g. selection) (76). Added to this, cigarette use initiation is more likely to occur in schools…
24	INTRODUCTION — Social and Environmental Risk Factors for Cigarette Use — Age of onset	Approximately 90% of adult smokers first tried cigarettes before the age of 18, and practically all…
25	INTRODUCTION — Social and Environmental Risk Factors for Cigarette Use — Public policy	Given the toll taken by cigarette use, a number of public policies have been implemented to control…
26	INTRODUCTION — Social and Environmental Risk Factors for Cigarette Use — Religion	Although religion seems to be inversely related to all measures of tobacco use (i.e. lifetime,…
27	INTRODUCTION — Evidence of Gene-Environment Interaction in Cigarette Use	From the previous sections of this manuscript, it is clear that genes and environments contribute to…
28	INTRODUCTION — Evidence of Gene-Environment Interaction in Cigarette Use	either as latent variables in twin and family studies or as genuine measured genes in molecular…
29	INTRODUCTION — Evidence of Gene-Environment Interaction in Cigarette Use — Family environment	One Finnish twin study demonstrated that at age 14, the effect of genes on cigarette use increased…
30	INTRODUCTION — Evidence of Gene-Environment Interaction in Cigarette Use — Family environment	likelihood of an individual at genetic risk for adolescent smoking and nicotine dependence in later…
31	INTRODUCTION — Evidence of Gene-Environment Interaction in Cigarette Use — Family environment	whether there were smoking-specific rules at home (e.g. “house rules”). The effect of these…
32	INTRODUCTION — Evidence of Gene-Environment Interaction in Cigarette Use — School environment	Two twin studies investigated the moderating effect of school-level variables on heritability of…
33	INTRODUCTION — Evidence of Gene-Environment Interaction in Cigarette Use — School environment	influences on regular use during adolescence. This was not the case for state-level smoking by…
34	INTRODUCTION — Evidence of Gene-Environment Interaction in Cigarette Use — Neighborhood environment	Neighborhood-level factors have previously been associated with the risk of smoking initiation. In…
35	INTRODUCTION — Evidence of Gene-Environment Interaction in Cigarette Use — Religion	Most studies investigating the effect of religion on cigarette use have focused on the association…
36	INTRODUCTION — Evidence of Gene-Environment Interaction in Cigarette Use — Public Policy	Given that smoking ranks highly among public health problems in the world, public policy initiatives…
37	INTRODUCTION — Evidence of Gene-Environment Interaction in Cigarette Use — Public Policy	towards smoking led to a decrease in the prevalence of smoking, it did not change the heritability…
38	INTRODUCTION — Evidence of Gene-Environment Interaction in Cigarette Use — Public Policy	adolescents. At the state level, the effect of genes on daily smoking were lower in states with…
39	INTRODUCTION — Evidence of Gene-Environment Interaction in Cigarette Use — Pharmacological treatment	Studies provide support for the role of genetic variation in response to bupropion and nicotine…

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