likelihood of an individual at genetic risk for adolescent smoking and nicotine dependence in later life, through the restrictiveness of the social environment provided by parents. Variation in rs3743078 did not contribute to this association, as no significant interaction was found between parental monitoring and rs3743078 (p=0.80). Meanwhile, whether or not parents smoke may have less of an effect on adolescent smoking, as interactions between measures of environmental smoking, conceptualized as paternal smoking, maternal smoking, or sibling smoking, and genetic variants of DRD2, DRD4, or DAT1 of the dopaminergic system did not significantly contribute to variation in adolescent smoking (9). Furthermore, only one significant interaction found between maternal smoking and rs1051730 influenced occasional smoking at 14 years (35). One study investigated the effect of smoking-specific parenting messages across: how often parents talked with their child about smoking- related issues in the past 12 months (e.g. “frequency”), how respectful parents were to children about communicating about smoking-related issues (e.g. “quality), and whether there were smoking-specific rules at home (e.g. “house rules”). The effect of these smoking-specific parenting messages seems limited, as the Dutch study found no evidence for interaction between smoking-specific parenting in terms of frequency, quality, or house rules, and
