whether there were smoking-specific rules at home (e.g. “house rules”). The effect of these smoking-specific parenting messages seems limited, as the Dutch study found no evidence for interaction between smoking-specific parenting in terms of frequency, quality, or house rules, and dopaminergic genes on adolescent smoking behavior (10). Dopaminergic genetic variants DRD2, DRD4, and DAT1 were chosen for their associations with smoking from previous studies.
