Most studies investigating the effect of religion on cigarette use have focused on the association between measures of religiosity and smoking initiation. Only one twin study investigating the moderating effect of religion on cigarette use was identified, which investigated the interaction between self-rated religiousness, religious affiliation, and organizational religious activity and smoking initiation heritability. This study provided no evidence for interaction between religious affiliation or organizational religious activity and genetic influences of smoking initiation. It did, however, find that high levels of self-rated religiousness attenuated the additive genetic component for smoking initiation (7).
