A different pattern of results emerged for INT+ youth. First and foremost, OXTR methylation did not associate with CU (at any time point). In addition, consistent with previous findings (6, 7, 50), this group experienced higher levels of environmental risk exposure than the INT−. Of interest, prenatal interpersonal risks (e.g. intimate partner violence, family conflict) prospectively associated with higher CU. Although speculative, this effect may be mediated by maternal stress, which has been associated with both internalizing problems (51) and CU (15) within ALSPAC. A counter-intuitive finding was that postnatal risks (i.e., adverse life events) associated with lower CU. As with the above results, this finding will need replication, particularly within high-risk samples.
