Before closing, it is important to note the limitations of this study. First, we note that our sample size is relatively small. To ensure maximal power in this sample, we therefore focused on the main effects of AUD and CUD, which utilize nAUD = 17 versus nnon-AUD = 28, and nCUD = 26 versus nnon-CUD = 19 comparisons. Conducting the comparisons in this way ensured that our samples were of moderate size for detecting effects in the context of MEG. Further studies need to be conducted with a larger sample size to replicate our findings, as well as investigate potential interactive effects. Additionally, to be fully inclusive in our sample, we included a number of participants (n = 6) who had other co-occurring SUDs. These other use disorders varied from participant to participant and no conclusions could be drawn about the independent or combined effects of these additional use disorders due to insufficient statistical power. Instead, as a post-hoc analysis, we tested whether our effect remained after a binary covariate indexing other SUDs was used. A similar covariate approach was
