The estimate of a passive rGE associated with risk for CD in females, as measured by the association between child CD and maternal ASP, was significant. Although maternal ASP may be associated with childhood risk to CD, its effect is apparently not mediated by childhood adversity because the effect of maternal ASP remains significant in models that include maternal ASP as a covariate. However, the genotypic differences in sensitivity to childhood adversity may relate to a general measure of family dysfunction rather than simply a specified measure of childhood adversity or maternal ASP as reported in a recent study of the interaction of family dysfunction and genetic effects in outcomes of antisocial symptoms (Button et al. 2005). As there are significant associations in this sample between paternal and maternal ASP symptoms, assortative mating for ASP among adults may result in a household with family dysfunction. Thus, it is plausible that children receive their genotypes as well as their environmental exposure from the parents in the form of family dysfunction and related social cues to manage the environment through interpersonal interactions
