An overview of the results is in Figure 1. The quantile–quantile plot shows conformity of the observed results to those expected by chance. The overall λ [ref. 60] (the ratio of the observed median χ2 to that expected by chance) was 1.056 and λ1000 was 1.006 (that, λ rescaled to a sample size of 1000 cases and 1000 controls).61 The Manhattan plot depicts the association results in genomic context, and no region exceeded genome-wide significance (P<5×10−8).62 We conducted imputation with Hap-Map2 [ref. 63] and 1000 Genomes Project data52 in addition to HapMap3 and obtained similar genomewide association results.
