this study. Parents reported their highest level of education as part of SSAGA, and scores were converted to the number of years typically required to complete that level of education. Parental education was calculated as the average of maternal and paternal education. In cases where information was only available for one parent, the available score was used to index parental education. Because alcohol use disorders often co-occur with internalizing and/or externalizing psychopathology (Dawson et al., 2010), we also included paternal and maternal antisocial behavior and internalizing problems as covariates. Paternal/maternal antisocial behavior was operationalized as the number of DSM-IV Antisocial Personality Disorder criteria endorsed at the SSAGA assessment when fathers/mothers indorsed their maximum number of alcohol dependence symptoms. Paternal/maternal internalizing problems was measured using a 7-item Internalizing Symptom Scale recently developed by COGA researchers based on the SSAGA (Acion et al., 2017). This scale assessed symptoms related to agoraphobia, panic disorder, social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, and suicidality that took place in the context of depression; the scale has a possible range between 0 and 21.
