Genetic correlations between AGGoverall and a set of preselected external phenotypes are shown in Fig. 4 and Supplementary Table 17. These phenotypes can broadly be grouped into psychiatric and psychological traits, substance use, cognitive ability, anthropometric traits, classic biomarkers of AGG, reproductive traits, and sleeping behavior. We included childhood phenotypes (e.g., birth weight and childhood IQ) and disorders (e.g., ADHD and autism spectrum disorder [ASD]), but the majority of phenotypes were adult characteristics or characteristics measured in adult samples. After correction for multiple testing, 36 phenotypes showed a significant rg with AGGoverall (P < 0.02). In general, the highest positive correlations were seen with psychiatric traits, notably ADHD, ASD, and major depressive disorder (MDD). The largest negative genetic correlations were found for age at smoking initiation, childhood IQ, and age at first birth. Based on the biomarker-aggression literature, we tested for the presence of genetic correlations between AGGoverall, and lipids, heart rate, heart rate variability, and testosterone levels. Very low genetic correlations were observed for AGGoverall, and these biomarkers, with in many cases the sign of the genetic correlation opposite to what was expected based on the literature on biomarkers of AGG.
