Results on work exhaustion were similar to technostress. Results showed a cross-level interaction effect between time and formal SMC at work at T2 on work exhaustion, with a significance level of p < .1 (b = 0.52, p = .068). Fig. 3 shows that work exhaustion decreased specifically among nonusers of formal SMC at work and that there was a slight increase in work exhaustion among those using formal SMC at work many times a day during the COVID-19 crisis. We also found a significant cross-level interaction between time and formal SMC at T1 (b = −0.60, p = .031). Fig. 4 shows that work exhaustion decreased among those who had used formal SMC before the COVID-19 crisis. This decrease in work exhaustion was largest among those who had used formal SMC at work many times a day.
