Neighborhood dangerousness was assessed by means of primary caregiver report using the 19-item exposure to violence factor from the Me and My Neighborhood Questionnaire (MMNQ; Ingoldsby & Shaw, 2002). An example item is a family member was robbed or mugged. For each statement, the participant was asked to identify the frequency with which each behavior occurred in their neighborhood on a 4-point Likert scale (never, once, a few times, or often). The alpha reliability of the exposure to violence score was .88.
