The diagnostic category of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is used to describe individuals with a persistent set of symptoms that include disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that typically begins in childhood or early adolescence and persists into adulthood (see Black, 2015; Brazil et al., 2018; Fairchild et al., 2013; Fisher and Hany, 2022; Glenn et al., 2013; Raine, 2018 for reviews). The criteria for DSM-IV and DSM-5 ASPD includes behaviors such as crimes that are grounds for arrest, repeatedly engaging in fights or assaults, lying and use of aliases, failure to sustain work, disregard for the safety of oneself and others, and mistreatment of others. The prevalence of ASPD, as shown in epidemiological studies, based on DSM criteria, suggest that it occurs in 2-4% of men and .5-1% of women in the US population (Compton et al., 2005; Grant et al., 2004). In correctional settings, rates of ASPD as high as 21% in women and 47% −80% in men have been reported depending on the study (Black et al., 2010; Fazel and Danesh, 2002; Guze, 1976).
