undercontrol implicated in alcoholism theory (Molina et al., 2007; Sher, 1991; Tarter et al., 1990; Zucker et al., 1995). Second, the association between ADHD and substance abuse may be merely an artifact of the overlap between ADHD and other behavioral problems, such as conduct disorder (CD) which has been shown, in both clinical and epidemiological samples, to co-occur with ADHD 30-50% (e.g., Szatmari et al., 1989; Biederman et al., 1987). In addition to its comorbidity with ADHD, CD has been implicated as a robust predictor of both concurrent and future alcohol problems (Rose et al., 2004), and evidence suggests that, among all childhood behavioral disorders, CD exhibits the strongest association with alcohol problems (Disney et al.,1999; Greenbaum et al., 1991; Molina et al., 2002; Moss & Lynch, 2001). Third, the co-occurrence of ADHD and CD represents a particularly severe form of CD that increases risk for later, adverse outcomes, such as substance use problems, and disorder (e.g., Disney et al., 1999; Fergusson et al., 1993; Flory et al., 2003; Molina et al., 1999).
