Means, standard deviations and correlations are presented separately for girls and boys in Table 1. Parent-child relationship quality at Time 1 was associated within and across time with cigarette and alcohol use (r = .10 to .32 p<.01). Cigarette and alcohol use at Time 1 was also associated with parent-child relationship quality twelve months later (r = .13 to .23 p<.01). Comparing levels of substance use between boys and girls revealed no differences at Time 1 or Time 2 (t = -0.47 to 0.33, p>.10; see Table 1 for means and standard deviations by gender). Girls reported poorer quality of parent-child relations at Time 1 (t = -6.52, p<.001) and at Time 2 (t = -6.03, p<.001) compared to boys.
