with AD only. Lower socioeconomic status among individuals with PTSD-AD may limit their access to mental health services. Alternatively, the use of alcohol to relieve their symptoms may lead to decreased motivation to seeking professional help. Conducting screening and promoting mental service outreach to high-risk populations, and providing personalized treatment may help decrease barriers to treatment for individuals with PSTD-AD. For example, a common strategy in the management of PTSD and AD is to treatment sequentially, often usually requiring abstinence from substance use before initiating PTSD treatment (Back, 2010). Because achieving sobriety or alcohol and drug use might be particularly difficult for individuals with PTSD, this requirement may constitute an important barrier to treatment for individuals with PTSD-AD. However, a recent clinical trial found that symptom improvements in PTSD after treatment had a greater impact on improvement in alcohol dependence symptoms than the reciprocal relationship (Back et al., 2006). In another study among civilian women, trauma-focused treatment was significantly more effective than health education in achieving substance use improvement, and treatment completion (Hien et al., 2010). Integrated, exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy has shown promise in the treatment of co-occurring PTSD and AD (Back et al., 2012). A recent randomized trial
