effective than health education in achieving substance use improvement, and treatment completion (Hien et al., 2010). Integrated, exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy has shown promise in the treatment of co-occurring PTSD and AD (Back et al., 2012). A recent randomized trial of integrated exposure-based treatment for PTSD with treatment as usual for substance use disorders compared to treatment for substance use disorders alone found that integrated treatment resulted in improvement in PTSD symptom severity without an increase in severity of substance dependence (Mills et al., 2012). These findings suggest that integrated rather than separate treatment of PTSD and AD may lead to superior clinical outcomes (Najavits et al., 2005; Triffleman et al., 1999).
