To set the stage for this narrative review, we first evaluated imaging studies on AUD, alcohol consumption, or risk of AUD published in the past 10 years (n=252) to determine their SG representation and whether results were analyzed by SG. Consistent with the meta-analysis by Lind and colleagues (2017), we found that women were included in 59%, 81%, and 80% of positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, respectively, of AUD, alcohol consumption, or risk of AUD (see Table 1). However, even in studies including women, female enrollment was approximately two to four times lower than male enrollment. These neuroimaging studies lack sufficient power to examine SG differences, with only 13% and 18% of PET and MRI studies pertaining to alcohol analyzing data by SG (see Table 1). But, this is not just a power issue; even fMRI studies with adequate SG balance fail to study SG differences (see Table 1). This emphasizes the urgent need to include sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the neuroimaging of AUD. Indeed, the National
