In addition to these child characteristics, family socioeconomic status (SES; Hollingshead 1979) was assessed by caretakers’ reports of their education level and occupation and categorized using the Hollingshead (1979) system. Parental warmth was rated by observers using 6-items describing the mother’s sensitivity and responsiveness to her child’s cues on the Interaction Rating Scale (IRS; Crnic and Greenberg 1987) after observing parent–child interactions on play and teaching tasks during the home visit (α=0.88; κ=0.71).
