Other studies have identified a dose-response effect between prenatal alcohol exposure and behavioral problems (Sood, et al., 2001), and recent studies have begun to tease apart the effects of environmental factors from prenatal alcohol exposure when evaluating the association with behavioral difficulties in affected children (D'Onofrio et al., 2007; Hill, Lowers, Locke-Wellman, & Shen, 2000; O'Connor & Paley, 2006; Rodriguez et al., 2009; Staroselsky et al., 2009). Some findings suggest that maternal psychopathology may be a better predictor of internalizing problems in children with FASD but that alcohol exposure is more directly related to externalizing problems (Staroselsky, et al., 2009). However, other studies fail to find strong associations between prenatal alcohol exposure and externalizing difficulties once environmental factors are taken into account (D'Onofrio, et al., 2007; Hill, et al., 2000; Rodriguez, et al., 2009). D’Onofrio and colleagues suggest that childhood conduct problems might be related to an environmentally mediated causal effect of prenatal alcohol exposure whereas impulsivity and attention difficulties might be accounted for by other factors that are correlated with maternal drinking during pregnancy (D'Onofrio, et al., 2007). Differences
