This review integrates twin, adoption, and molecular genetic studies of GxE to provide a contextual framework for understanding how genetic factors combine with (or are shaped by) environmental influences in the etiology of drinking behaviors and AUDs. The specific purposes of this article are to: 1) review and synthesize the evidence concerning GxE in alcohol consumption and AUD risk in humans, 2) discuss methodological limitations in current research on alcohol-related1 GxE, and 3) present recommendations for future research. A large, overarching challenge to the current review pertains to the provision of a coherent model of GxE in alcohol consumption and AUDs. By unifying diverse theoretical and methodological approaches, we provide a comprehensive review that can be used to guide future research in both etiology and treatments.
