Twenty nine human controls and 29 individuals with from chronic alcohol dependence were included in the study. All individuals were Caucasian males except one Asian in control group and one Australian in alcoholics group. The individuals suffering from alcoholism consumed ≥80 g alcohol per day during the majority of their adult lives, met the criteria for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, fourth edition and National Health and Medical Research Council/World Health Organization and did not have liver cirrhosis, Wernicke–Korsakoff's syndrome, or multi-drug abuse history. Individuals in the control group had either abstained from alcohol completely or were social drinkers who consumed ≤20 g of alcohol per day on average. Individuals in the control group were matched to individuals suffering from alcoholism by age, post-mortem interval (PMI), brain pH, RNA quality indicator (RQI), and smoking history (Table S1). Post-mortem brain samples were from the rostral putamen and caudate nucleus. The samples from the caudate consisted mostly of the head with potentially some contribution from the anterior part of the body. The tissue was collected at the New South Wales
